Note: Footnote citations like those used in Chicago notes and bibliography are sometimes also referred to as in-text citations, but the citation itself appears in a note separate from the text. Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (11). The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11). Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (2018, p. Textual evidence is the collection of verified sources that are cited to support assertions made when writing and analyzing text. The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p. Examples of different types of in-text citation In a narrative citation, the author’s name appears as part of your sentence, not in parentheses. In a parenthetical citation, the author’s name appears in parentheses along with the rest of the information. Author-page citations (used in MLA) are the same except that the year is not included.īoth types are divided into parenthetical and narrative citations. They always direct the reader to a reference list giving more complete information on each source.Īuthor-date citations (used in APA, Harvard, and Chicago author-date) include the author’s last name, the year of publication, and a page number when available. Types of in-text citationĭifferent types of in-text citation are used in different citation styles. For example, you don’t need a citation to prove that Paris is the capital city of France, and including one would be distracting. However, to avoid over-citation, bear in mind that some information is considered common knowledge and doesn’t need to be cited. Example: Paraphrase with APA Style in-text citationThe evolutionary process consists of a series of incremental changes over a long period of time (Darwin, 1859, p. Include page numbers where possible, to show where the information can be found. In-text citations are just as important here as with quotes, to avoid the impression you’re taking credit for someone else’s ideas. Paraphrasing means putting information from a source into your own words. Example: Quote with APA Style in-text citation Evolution is a gradual process that “can act only by very short and slow steps” (Darwin, 1859, p. Quotes should always be cited (and indicated with quotation marks), and you should include a page number indicating where in the source the quote can be found. Quoting means including the original author’s words directly in your text, usually introduced by a signal phrase. Try for free When do you need an in-text citation?Īn in-text citation should be included whenever you quote or paraphrase a source in your text.
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